Copyright 2008 environmental law institute, washington, dc. An economic assessment of the kyoto protocol using the. However, it is basically a shortterm approach to deal with a longterm problem. The kyoto protocol is an international agreement that called for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions significantly. Canada renounced the protocol effective 15 december 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.
With the protocol s 20082012 commitment period expiring, the doha amendment to the kyoto protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 202020. Uncertainty about how kyoto parties will implement the protocol, the absence of the united statesthe worlds largest ghg emitterfrom the protocol regime, the limited role assigned to developing coun tries, and the provision of excess emissions allowances to russia and other countries. As of october 2020, 147 states have accepted this amendment. We need to keep the issue of climate change on the agenda not just on kyoto obligations. This is not least because the montreal protocol is. Through the 1997 kyoto protocol, the industrialised countries responsible for over 70% of the global. Kyoto protocol to the united nations framework convention on climate change, kyoto. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting.
Canadas withdrawal from the kyoto protocol fajardo, pauline faye s. But an extraordinarily successful agreement, the montreal protocol, has. The kyoto protocol the protocol is quite complex, reflecting the complicated political, economic, scientific and legal issues raised by humaninduced climate change. Kyoto protocol the logic of the kyoto protocol goes something like this. The montreal protocol largely dealt with a specific class of chemicals, while the kyoto protocol targets the ubiquitous byproduct of all fossil fuel use. The kyoto protocol, on the other hand, tried in 1997 to get countries to reduce carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels that causes global warming.
International concern about climate change has led to the kyoto protocol, negotiated in 1997. It requires small about 5 per cent, on average reductions in the emissions of industrialized annex i countries for a short period of time 200812. The kyoto protocol was really designed to begin a process. Parties present and voting means parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. The compliance regime under the kyoto protocol is just one of many compliance regimes currently operating in the environmental.
Kyoto protocol and to report these findings to the eleventh meeting of. Many see the costs of the kyoto protocol as outweighing the benefits, some believing the standards which kyoto. This dual protection of ozone and climate by montreal protocol provisions warrants a. Kyoto protocol is an international treaty adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997 and entered into force on 16 february 2005. Important for the ias exam, download the kyoto protocol notes pdf. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer was adopted. The kyoto protocol with its flexible mechanisms is operational and negotiations have started to move forward on climate change even in the presence of heavy opposition by the current administration of the united states of america. I am pleased to sign the instrument of ratification for the montreal protocol. What accounts for the dramatic difference between the two protocols. The kyoto protocol is an international treaty that extends the 1992 united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc. May 06, 2019 cop11 cmp 1 was held in montreal, canada in 2005 kyoto protocol was ratified in 2005. Hfc substitute gases, perfluorocarbons pfcs, and sulfur hexafluoride sf 6 are controlled under the kyoto protocol.
Mar 20, 2007 the 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozonedepleting substances odss. Kyoto protocol and canada dropped out in 2011, citing the fact that the goals of kyoto were unreachable due to a lack of agreement between the. An economic assessment of the kyoto protocol using the global. The result of more than two years of preparatory discussions and eleven days of oftenintense negotiations in kyoto, the protocol will be opened for signature in march 1998 for. As a result, the upper limit for the net reduction in annual gwpweighted emissions achieved by the montreal protocol in 2010 is 5 to 6fold larger than the kyoto protocol target. The kyoto protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that part one global warming is occurring and part two that humanmade co 2 emissions are driving it. Ozone layer is an environmental treaty adopted by the inter national community to protect human health. Report of the twentyeighth meeting of the parties to the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer pdf. Amendment to the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer adopted by the ninth meeting of the parties, montreal, 17 september 1997, unepozl. Alternatives to cfcs, which do not deplete the ozone layer, were developed.
The parties included in annex i shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the montreal protocol from aviation and. In force since 2005, it was hailed as the most significant environmental treaty ever negotiated, despite the misgivings of some critics. Some also argue the protocol does not go far enough to curb greenhouse emissions and avoid dangerous climate change niue, the cook islands, and nauru added notes to this effect when signing the protocol some environmental economists have been critical of the kyoto protocol. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Article 27 of the kyoto protocol on withdrawal from the protocol provides as follows. Existing potentials for learning from the montreal protocol and creating synergies between both regimes have received less attention section 4. Complemented in 1991 by the establishment of its dedicated financial mechanism, the multilateral fund for the implementation of the montreal protocol mlf, the protocol has set the standard for cooperative and concerted global environmental partnership. However, hfcs are not ozone depleting, but have a high global warming potential. Jun 29, 2015 the montreal protocol has been responsible for the phaseouts and bans on chloroflourocarbons cfcs and hydrochlorofluorcarbons hcfcs. The montreal protocol enforced in 1987 initiated a global strategy for the protection of the ozone. Using historical odss emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ods. The montreal protocol is one of the most sucessful international treaties because it replaced cfcs with the ozonefriendly hcfcs.
Decides to initiate a process to consider further commitments for parties included in. Under the protocol, parties listed in annex b to the protocol agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5. Due to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 february 2005. The international treaties for the protection of the ozone layer and the global climate are closely related. The implications to the montreal protocol of the inclusion. About the kyoto protocol kp was adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997. Aware of the negative impact of the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and the climatic changes on the development of large regions of the earth, the international community has lately enforced a series of measures for the protection of the atmosphere. How not to repeat the mistakes of the kyoto protocol. The achievement plan of the targets set by the kyoto protocol was decided at a cabinet meeting in japan. The protocol marks an important milestone for the future quality. The annex to this note provides a summary of those discussions. The kyoto protocol to the united nations framework convention. Concluded at montreal on 16 sep tember 1987 authentic texts. This protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 parties to the convention, incorporating parties included in annex i which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the parties included in annex.
Nov 18, 2016 the montreal protocol mp aims at phasing out ozone depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons cfcs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons hcfcs that were mostly used in air conditioning, refrigerating and foam industry. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer with annex. Odss are the halocar bons controlled under the montreal protocol. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the. In 2005, the halocarbon contribution to climate forcing was 0. Unfccc, kyoto protocol unfccc summit 1997, carbon trading. Canadas withdrawal from the kyoto protocol and its. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, also known simply as the. Handbook for the montreal protocol on substances that deplete. Handbook for the montreal protocol on substances that. Should hfcs be dealt under montreal protocol or kyoto protocol.
Protocol led to more reductions in greenhouse gases than what is foreseen under the kyoto protocol. The kyoto protocol is the first agreement to include other greenhouse gases than co2. Kyoto protocol step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In force since 2005, it was hailed as the most significant environmental treaty. Odss are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. Kp sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the european community in its first commitment period. Pdf over the last thirty years, climate change and depletion of the ozone layer have. In the context of international environmental treaties, the montreal protocol. Canadas withdrawal from the kyoto protocol and its effects. The case at hand is the withdrawal of canada from the kyoto protocol an action succeeded by numerous criticisms from environmentalists and the international community, especially noting that canada had already established a reputation of leading and advocating environmentalist movements and projects.
Kyoto protocol and canada dropped out in 2011, citing the fact that the goals of kyoto were unreachable due to a lack of agreement between the united states and china. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting climate. Linkages between the montreal and kyoto protocols enhancing. Adopted in 1997, the protocol commits 43 annex i countries to limit their greenhouse gas emissions for the 1st commitment period 20082012 by at least five percent below or equal to the level of their emissions in the base year 1990. Kyoto protocol, international treaty, named for the japanese city in which it was adopted in december 1997, designed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. Developed countries led by the us have been lobbying for the inclusion of hfcs within the mp. A simplified guide to the special report on hfcs and pfcs. Unlike kyoto, the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer did achieve its goals, limiting ozonedepleting substances, through international cooperation and a carrotsandsticks approach. Kyoto protocol step towards reducing greenhouse gas. Should hfcs be dealt under montreal protocol or kyoto. Les enjeux du controle international du respect des engagements. If further measures are to materialise accelerated phase out of hcfcs additional climate benefits could be reaped, possibly as much as taking out again the entire reduction potential of kyoto. Montreal protocol, an aggressive international agreement designed to curb the use of cfcs and prevent further damage to the ozone layer.
Mar 30, 2006 of the kyoto protocol the conference of the parties serving as the meeting of the parties to the kyoto protocol, at its first session, guided by articles 2 and 3 of the convention, pursuant to article 3, paragraph 9, of the kyoto protocol, 1. It is the 3rd session of the cop serving as the meeting of the parties to the kyoto protocol. Canadas withdrawal from the kyoto protocol had been raised by both the enforcement and facilitative branches at previous meetings. Oct 31, 2014 the united nations climate change conference that was held in bonn last week became a debating ground on whether hydrofluorocarbons hfcsthe climatedamaging refrigerant gasesshould be treated as short lived climate pollutants slcps under kyoto protocol or be phased out under montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. It is theth session of the conference of the parties to the unfccc. The treaties and the treaty processes have gone some way towards. The united states firmly rejects the agreement, with unanimous bipartisan opposition to its ratification. Sunstein introduction i am pleased to sign the instrument of ratification for the montreal protocol governing substances that deplete the ozone layer. The other greenhouse gases included in the protocol are. The kyoto protocol is a global treaty to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide, co2, the. Doc canadas withdrawal from the kyoto protocol faye.
There is one major difference between the two treaties. However, because they are powerful greenhouse gases, they are included in the kyoto protocol. The magnitude of the montreal conference is testimony to the increasing international attention to the climate change issue. By comparison people talk about the ozone hole or uv rather than the montreal protocol. Significantly the states parties to the convention adopted a protocol kyoto protocol on 11 december 1997 under which industrialised countries have agreed to reduce their collective emissions of six greenhouse gases by at least 5 per cent by 20082012. The kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto, japan, on.
The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is the most successful global environmental agreement in history. Barrett compares the two international treaties kyoto and montreal and lists the necessary ingredients for a successful climate. Protection of the ozone layer, it is the most universally ratified multilateral environmental agreement. It was part of the package negotiated in marrakesh and was finalised regarding the substance, but it could not be adopted due to an insurmountable divergence of views. Other accords, like the doha amendment and the paris. Montreal protocol means the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, adopted in montreal on 16 september 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. The montreal protocol and its implications for climate change. The implications to the montreal protocol of the inclusion of. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting climate pnas. Adopting the compliance procedure of the kyoto protocol was therefore a vital ingredient of the implementation agenda in montreal. It is an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The kyoto protocol kp, otherwise called the climate protocol, is an international emissions reduction treaty under the unfccc.
Since 2005, the world has spent several billion dollars on carbon credits. This comprehensive handbook outlines all amendments and decisions. The kyoto protocol to the united nations framework. Other examples include the regime of the 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer,9 and the aarhus convention. Nevertheless, it signifies a successful start into a new era of international climate policy. Introduction of effective action under the montreal. The treaty intends to commit state parties to reduce greenhouse gas ghgs emissions. Kyoto protocol would enhance the relevance of nearly carbonfree technology options, such as nuclear energy, the main possibility for nuclear energy to make a significant contribution to ghg emissions reduction would be after the kyoto protocol compliance period. Nations framework convention on climate change fccc of 1992 and its kyoto.
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